Past Tense Verbs
Master Japanese Past Tense Conjugations
Table of Contents
1. What is Past Tense?
Past tense expresses actions that have been completed or states that existed in the past
Japanese has casual (た) and polite (ました) forms for past tense
Understanding Past Tense
Completed Actions: Events that finished in the past
Past States: Conditions or situations that existed before
Experience: Things you have done or encountered
Sequential Events: Describing a series of past actions
Storytelling: Essential for narratives and recounting events
2. Casual Past (た Form)
Basic Past Pattern
Group 1 Verbs
Present Form
Past Form
Group 2 Verbs
Present Form
Past Form
Group 3 Verbs
Present Form
Past Form
Casual Past Formation Rules
| Verb Ending | Formation Rule | Example | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| -う, -つ, -る | Change to -った | 買う → 買った | bought |
| -む, -ぬ, -ぶ | Change to -んだ | 飲む → 飲んだ | drank |
| -く, -ぐ | Change to -いた/-いだ | 書く → 書いた | wrote |
| -す | Change to -した | 話す → 話した | spoke |
3. Polite Past (ました Form)
Polite Past Pattern
1. Formal Reporting:
昨日、会議に参加しました。
I participated in the meeting yesterday.
2. Business Update:
プロジェクトを完了しました。
I completed the project.
3. Polite Sharing:
映画を見ました。とても面白かったです。
I watched a movie. It was very interesting.
Polite Past Formation
| Dictionary Form | Polite Present | Polite Past | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| 行く | 行きます | 行きました | went |
| 食べる | 食べます | 食べました | ate |
| する | します | しました | did |
| 来る | 来ます | 来ました | came |
| 買う | 買います | 買いました | bought |
4. Past Negative Forms
Past Negative Variations
Casual Past Negative
Used in casual conversations
Polite Past Negative
Used in formal situations
Soft Past Negative
Casual form with polite ending
Past Negative Formation
| Present Negative | Past Casual Negative | Past Polite Negative | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| 書かない | 書かなかった | 書きませんでした | didn’t write |
| 見ない | 見なかった | 見ませんでした | didn’t see |
| しない | しなかった | しませんでした | didn’t do |
| 来ない | 来なかった | 来ませんでした | didn’t come |
5. Conjugation by Verb Group
Group 1 Past Conjugations (Detailed)
| Dictionary Form | Past Casual | Past Polite | Past Negative | Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 飲む | 飲んだ | 飲みました | 飲まなかった | -む → -んだ |
| 立つ | 立った | 立ちました | 立たなかった | -つ → -った |
| 死ぬ | 死んだ | 死にました | 死ななかった | -ぬ → -んだ |
| 呼ぶ | 呼んだ | 呼びました | 呼ばなかった | -ぶ → -んだ |
| 泳ぐ | 泳いだ | 泳ぎました | 泳がなかった | -ぐ → -いだ |
Group 2 Past Conjugations
| Dictionary Form | Past Casual | Past Polite | Past Negative | Pattern |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 着る | 着た | 着ました | 着なかった | -る → -た |
| 出る | 出た | 出ました | 出なかった | -る → -た |
| 覚える | 覚えた | 覚えました | 覚えなかった | -る → -た |
| 教える | 教えた | 教えました | 教えなかった | -る → -た |
| いる | いた | いました | いなかった | -る → -た |
Group 3 Past Conjugations (Irregular)
| Dictionary Form | Past Casual | Past Polite | Past Negative |
|---|---|---|---|
| する | した | しました | しなかった |
| 来る | 来た (きた) | 来ました (きました) | 来なかった (こなかった) |
Special Note: 来る has different readings: 来た (kita – past), but 来ない (konai – negative)
6. When to Use Past Tense
Common Usage Situations
1. Completed Actions:
昨日、友達と映画を見た。
Yesterday, I watched a movie with a friend.
2. Past Experiences:
日本に行ったことがあります。
I have been to Japan (experience).
3. Sequential Events:
起きて、朝ご飯を食べて、学校に行った。
I woke up, ate breakfast, and went to school.
4. Past States:
子供の時、犬がいた。
When I was a child, I had a dog.
Time Expressions with Past Tense
| Time Expression | Japanese | Example Sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yesterday | 昨日 | 昨日雨が降った | It rained yesterday |
| Last week | 先週 | 先週京都に行った | I went to Kyoto last week |
| This morning | 今朝 | 今朝早く起きた | I woke up early this morning |
| Two days ago | 一昨日 | 一昨日友達に会った | I met a friend two days ago |
7. Storytelling & Narratives
Sequential Past Actions
Daily Routine (Past):
朝七時に起きた。シャワーを浴びて、朝ご飯を食べた。それから学校に行った。
I woke up at 7 AM. I took a shower and ate breakfast. Then I went to school.
Weekend Story:
土曜日に友達と会った。映画を見て、レストランで食事した。とても楽しかった。
I met friends on Saturday. We watched a movie and ate at a restaurant. It was very enjoyable.
Travel Experience:
去年の夏、京都に旅行した。お寺を見て、和食を食べた。美しい場所だった。
Last summer, I traveled to Kyoto. I saw temples and ate Japanese food. It was a beautiful place.
Narrative Tense Mixing
| Function | Tense Used | Example | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main events | Past tense | 友達と会った | Completed actions |
| Background info | Past continuous | 雨が降っていた | Setting/atmosphere |
| Descriptions | Past adjectives | とても面白かった | Past states |
| Direct speech | Original tense | 「行く」と言った | Quoted speech |
8. Experience & Completion
Experience Patterns
たことがある (Have experience of):
寿司を食べたことがあります。
I have eaten sushi (before).
たことがない (Have no experience of):
スキーをしたことがない。
I have never skied.
たばかり (Just finished):
宿題をしたばかりです。
I just finished my homework.
たところ (Just finished/At the moment of):
家に帰ったところです。
I just got home.
Completion and Result Patterns
| Pattern | Meaning | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Past + ので | Because (past reason) | 雨が降ったので濡れた | I got wet because it rained |
| Past + から | Since/Because (past) | 疲れたから寝る | I’ll sleep because I’m tired |
| Past + あと | After (doing) | 食べたあとで散歩した | I walked after eating |
| Past + まえに | Before (in past context) | 寝たまえに歯を磨いた | I brushed teeth before sleeping |
9. Common Mistakes to Avoid
Conjugation Errors
Don’t mix up verb groups:
❌ 食べだ (incorrect Group 1 pattern)
✅ 食べた (correct Group 2 pattern)
Don’t forget sound changes:
❌ 書くた (no sound change)
✅ 書いた (correct sound change)
Don’t use wrong irregular forms:
❌ 来るた (incorrect conjugation)
✅ 来た (kita – correct irregular form)
Tense Confusion
Using past for present habit:
❌ 毎日コーヒーを飲んだ (sounds like “used to drink daily”)
✅ 毎日コーヒーを飲む (habitual present)
✅ 昨日コーヒーを飲んだ (specific past action)
Inconsistent tense in sequences:
❌ 昨日映画を見て、とても面白い (mixed tenses)
✅ 昨日映画を見て、とても面白かった (consistent past)
Common Error Patterns
| Error Type | Wrong | Correct | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wrong sound change | 泳いた (およいた) | 泳いだ (およいだ) | -ぐ becomes -いだ, not -いた |
| Double past | 食べただった | 食べた | Don’t add だった to past verbs |
| Time mismatch | 明日映画を見た | 明日映画を見る | Future time needs present/future tense |
| Formality mismatch | したですよ | しましたよ / したよ | Match formality consistently |
10. Practice & Applications
Daily Life Applications
Morning Routine (Past):
六時に起きた → シャワーを浴びた → 朝ご飯を作った → 新聞を読んだ
Woke up at 6 → Took a shower → Made breakfast → Read the newspaper
Weekend Activities:
土曜日に友達と会いました。一緒に買い物をして、カフェでコーヒーを飲みました。
I met friends on Saturday. We went shopping together and drank coffee at a cafe.
Travel Experience:
先月沖縄に行った。海で泳いで、美味しい料理を食べた。忘れられない経験だった。
I went to Okinawa last month. I swam in the ocean and ate delicious food. It was an unforgettable experience.
Practice Exercises
| Exercise Type | Task | Example | Goal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daily diary | Describe yesterday’s activities | 昨日早く起きて勉強した | Past tense fluency |
| Experience sharing | Talk about past experiences | 富士山に登ったことがある | Experience expressions |
| Story telling | Narrate a simple story | 子供の時、犬を飼っていた | Narrative skills |
| Sequential events | Describe a series of actions | 起きて、食べて、出かけた | Logical sequencing |
Building Natural Communication
Start Simple: Begin with basic past actions before complex narratives
Use Time Markers: Include time expressions to make context clear
Practice Sequences: Learn to connect multiple past actions smoothly
Mix Tenses Naturally: Combine past with present for natural flow
Share Experiences: Past tense is essential for building relationships
Advanced Past Tense Applications
Cause and Effect:
雨が降ったので、試合が中止になった。
The game was cancelled because it rained.
Comparing Past and Present:
昔は車がなかったが、今はある。
I didn’t have a car before, but now I do.
Past Discoveries:
日本語を勉強して、文化も理解できるようになった。
By studying Japanese, I became able to understand the culture too.
Past Tense Mastery Achieved!
You’ve learned how to express completed actions, share experiences, and tell stories in Japanese! Past tense is the foundation of natural communication and relationship building.
Past Tense Quiz
Test Your Knowledge of Japanese Past Tense Verbs
Exercise 1: Group 1 Past Form
What is the past form of 書く (kaku)?
Explanation: Group 1 verbs ending in -く change to -いた: 書く → 書いた
Exercise 2: Group 2 Past Form
What is the past form of 食べる (taberu)?
Explanation: Group 2 verbs simply drop る and add た: 食べる → 食べた
Exercise 3: Group 3 Irregular
What is the past form of 来る (kuru)?
Explanation: 来る is irregular and becomes 来た (kita) in past form.
Exercise 4: Sound Change Pattern
What is the past form of 飲む (nomu)?
Explanation: Verbs ending in -む change to -んだ: 飲む → 飲んだ
Exercise 5: Polite Past
What is the polite past form of 行く (iku)?
Explanation: Polite past: take the polite form (行きます) and change ます to ました.
Exercise 6: Past Negative
What is the casual past negative of 見る (miru)?
Explanation: Casual past negative: take negative form (見ない) and change ない to なかった.
Exercise 7: Experience Pattern
How do you say “I have been to Japan”?
Explanation: Past form + ことがあります expresses experience: “have done something before.”
Exercise 8: Time Expression
How do you say “I ate breakfast this morning”?
Explanation: Past action completed this morning requires past tense: 食べた (tabeta).
Exercise 9: Sequential Actions
How do you say “I got up and ate breakfast” (in sequence)?
Explanation: Use て-form for the first action in a sequence, past tense for the final action.
Exercise 10: Just Finished
How do you say “I just finished my homework”?
Explanation: Past form + ばかり expresses “just finished doing something.”
Exercise 11: Wrong Sound Change
Which is the correct past form of 泳ぐ (oyogu)?
Explanation: Verbs ending in -ぐ change to -いだ (not -いた): 泳ぐ → 泳いだ
Exercise 12: Polite Past Negative
What is the polite past negative of する (suru)?
Explanation: Polite past negative: take polite negative (しません) and add でした.
Exercise 13: Never Experience
How do you say “I have never eaten sushi”?
Explanation: Past form + ことがない means “have never done something.”
Exercise 14: Consistent Tense
Which sentence has consistent past tense?
Explanation: Both parts should be in past tense for consistency when describing past events.
Exercise 15: Cause and Effect
How do you say “I got wet because it rained”?
Explanation: Both the cause (it rained) and result (got wet) are completed past actions.
How did you do?
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