Learn how to conjugate Japanese verbs into the past tense, including plain and polite forms. A simple guide with examples to master the た form and ました form.

Past Tense Verbs in Japanese | Easy & Powerful Guide | Lesson 35

Past Tense Verbs in Japanese – Complete Guide with Usage and Grammar

Past Tense Verbs

Master Japanese Past Tense Conjugations

1. What is Past Tense?

Past tense expresses actions that have been completed or states that existed in the past

Japanese has casual (た) and polite (ました) forms for past tense

Understanding Past Tense

Completed Actions: Events that finished in the past

Past States: Conditions or situations that existed before

Experience: Things you have done or encountered

Sequential Events: Describing a series of past actions

Storytelling: Essential for narratives and recounting events

Key Point: Past tense is crucial for natural conversation – sharing experiences, telling stories, and describing completed actions.

2. Casual Past (た Form)

Basic Past Pattern

Group 1 Verbs

書く → 書いた

Present Form

かく
kaku
write

Past Form

かいた
kaita
wrote

Group 2 Verbs

食べる → 食べた

Present Form

たべる
taberu
eat

Past Form

たべた
tabeta
ate

Group 3 Verbs

する → した

Present Form

する
suru
do

Past Form

した
shita
did

Casual Past Formation Rules

Verb EndingFormation RuleExampleResult
-う, -つ, -るChange to -った買う → 買ったbought
-む, -ぬ, -ぶChange to -んだ飲む → 飲んだdrank
-く, -ぐChange to -いた/-いだ書く → 書いたwrote
-すChange to -した話す → 話したspoke

3. Polite Past (ました Form)

Polite Past Pattern

1. Formal Reporting:

昨日、会議に参加しました。

I participated in the meeting yesterday.


2. Business Update:

プロジェクトを完了しました。

I completed the project.


3. Polite Sharing:

映画を見ました。とても面白かったです。

I watched a movie. It was very interesting.

Polite Past Formation

Dictionary FormPolite PresentPolite PastEnglish
行く行きます行きましたwent
食べる食べます食べましたate
するしますしましたdid
来る来ます来ましたcame
買う買います買いましたbought
Formation Pattern: Take the polite present form (ます) and change it to ました

4. Past Negative Forms

Past Negative Variations

Casual Past Negative

食べなかった
tabenakatta
didn’t eat

Used in casual conversations

Polite Past Negative

食べませんでした
tabemasendeshita
didn’t eat (polite)

Used in formal situations

Soft Past Negative

食べなかったです
tabenakatta desu
didn’t eat (soft polite)

Casual form with polite ending

Past Negative Formation

Present NegativePast Casual NegativePast Polite NegativeEnglish
書かない書かなかった書きませんでしたdidn’t write
見ない見なかった見ませんでしたdidn’t see
しないしなかったしませんでしたdidn’t do
来ない来なかった来ませんでしたdidn’t come

5. Conjugation by Verb Group

Group 1 Past Conjugations (Detailed)

Dictionary FormPast CasualPast PolitePast NegativePattern
飲む飲んだ飲みました飲まなかった-む → -んだ
立つ立った立ちました立たなかった-つ → -った
死ぬ死んだ死にました死ななかった-ぬ → -んだ
呼ぶ呼んだ呼びました呼ばなかった-ぶ → -んだ
泳ぐ泳いだ泳ぎました泳がなかった-ぐ → -いだ

Group 2 Past Conjugations

Dictionary FormPast CasualPast PolitePast NegativePattern
着る着た着ました着なかった-る → -た
出る出た出ました出なかった-る → -た
覚える覚えた覚えました覚えなかった-る → -た
教える教えた教えました教えなかった-る → -た
いるいたいましたいなかった-る → -た

Group 3 Past Conjugations (Irregular)

Dictionary FormPast CasualPast PolitePast Negative
するしたしましたしなかった
来る来た (きた)来ました (きました)来なかった (こなかった)

Special Note: 来る has different readings: 来た (kita – past), but 来ない (konai – negative)

6. When to Use Past Tense

Common Usage Situations

1. Completed Actions:

昨日、友達と映画を見た。

Yesterday, I watched a movie with a friend.


2. Past Experiences:

日本に行ったことがあります。

I have been to Japan (experience).


3. Sequential Events:

起きて、朝ご飯を食べて、学校に行った。

I woke up, ate breakfast, and went to school.


4. Past States:

子供の時、犬がいた。

When I was a child, I had a dog.

Time Expressions with Past Tense

Time ExpressionJapaneseExample SentenceTranslation
Yesterday昨日昨日雨が降ったIt rained yesterday
Last week先週先週京都に行ったI went to Kyoto last week
This morning今朝今朝早く起きたI woke up early this morning
Two days ago一昨日一昨日友達に会ったI met a friend two days ago

7. Storytelling & Narratives

Sequential Past Actions

Daily Routine (Past):

朝七時に起きた。シャワーを浴びて、朝ご飯を食べた。それから学校に行った。

I woke up at 7 AM. I took a shower and ate breakfast. Then I went to school.


Weekend Story:

土曜日に友達と会った。映画を見て、レストランで食事した。とても楽しかった。

I met friends on Saturday. We watched a movie and ate at a restaurant. It was very enjoyable.


Travel Experience:

去年の夏、京都に旅行した。お寺を見て、和食を食べた。美しい場所だった。

Last summer, I traveled to Kyoto. I saw temples and ate Japanese food. It was a beautiful place.

Narrative Tense Mixing

FunctionTense UsedExamplePurpose
Main eventsPast tense友達と会ったCompleted actions
Background infoPast continuous雨が降っていたSetting/atmosphere
DescriptionsPast adjectivesとても面白かったPast states
Direct speechOriginal tense「行く」と言ったQuoted speech

8. Experience & Completion

Experience Patterns

たことがある (Have experience of):

寿司を食べたことがあります。

I have eaten sushi (before).


たことがない (Have no experience of):

スキーをしたことがない。

I have never skied.


たばかり (Just finished):

宿題をしたばかりです。

I just finished my homework.


たところ (Just finished/At the moment of):

家に帰ったところです。

I just got home.

Completion and Result Patterns

PatternMeaningExampleTranslation
Past + のでBecause (past reason)雨が降ったので濡れたI got wet because it rained
Past + からSince/Because (past)疲れたから寝るI’ll sleep because I’m tired
Past + あとAfter (doing)食べたあとで散歩したI walked after eating
Past + まえにBefore (in past context)寝たまえに歯を磨いたI brushed teeth before sleeping

9. Common Mistakes to Avoid

Conjugation Errors

Don’t mix up verb groups:

❌ 食べだ (incorrect Group 1 pattern)

✅ 食べた (correct Group 2 pattern)


Don’t forget sound changes:

❌ 書くた (no sound change)

✅ 書いた (correct sound change)


Don’t use wrong irregular forms:

❌ 来るた (incorrect conjugation)

✅ 来た (kita – correct irregular form)

Tense Confusion

Using past for present habit:

❌ 毎日コーヒーを飲んだ (sounds like “used to drink daily”)

✅ 毎日コーヒーを飲む (habitual present)

✅ 昨日コーヒーを飲んだ (specific past action)


Inconsistent tense in sequences:

❌ 昨日映画を見て、とても面白い (mixed tenses)

✅ 昨日映画を見て、とても面白かった (consistent past)

Common Error Patterns

Error TypeWrongCorrectExplanation
Wrong sound change泳いた (およいた)泳いだ (およいだ)-ぐ becomes -いだ, not -いた
Double past食べただった食べたDon’t add だった to past verbs
Time mismatch明日映画を見た明日映画を見るFuture time needs present/future tense
Formality mismatchしたですよしましたよ / したよMatch formality consistently

10. Practice & Applications

Daily Life Applications

Morning Routine (Past):

六時に起きた → シャワーを浴びた → 朝ご飯を作った → 新聞を読んだ

Woke up at 6 → Took a shower → Made breakfast → Read the newspaper


Weekend Activities:

土曜日に友達と会いました。一緒に買い物をして、カフェでコーヒーを飲みました。

I met friends on Saturday. We went shopping together and drank coffee at a cafe.


Travel Experience:

先月沖縄に行った。海で泳いで、美味しい料理を食べた。忘れられない経験だった。

I went to Okinawa last month. I swam in the ocean and ate delicious food. It was an unforgettable experience.

Practice Exercises

Exercise TypeTaskExampleGoal
Daily diaryDescribe yesterday’s activities昨日早く起きて勉強したPast tense fluency
Experience sharingTalk about past experiences富士山に登ったことがあるExperience expressions
Story tellingNarrate a simple story子供の時、犬を飼っていたNarrative skills
Sequential eventsDescribe a series of actions起きて、食べて、出かけたLogical sequencing

Building Natural Communication

Start Simple: Begin with basic past actions before complex narratives

Use Time Markers: Include time expressions to make context clear

Practice Sequences: Learn to connect multiple past actions smoothly

Mix Tenses Naturally: Combine past with present for natural flow

Share Experiences: Past tense is essential for building relationships

Advanced Past Tense Applications

Cause and Effect:

雨が降ったので、試合が中止になった。

The game was cancelled because it rained.


Comparing Past and Present:

昔は車がなかったが、今はある。

I didn’t have a car before, but now I do.


Past Discoveries:

日本語を勉強して、文化も理解できるようになった。

By studying Japanese, I became able to understand the culture too.

Past Tense Mastery Achieved!

You’ve learned how to express completed actions, share experiences, and tell stories in Japanese! Past tense is the foundation of natural communication and relationship building.

Remember: Past tense allows you to share your experiences, connect with others, and tell meaningful stories!
Next Steps: Practice sharing your daily experiences and telling simple stories using past tense forms!
Past Tense Verbs – Interactive Quiz

Past Tense Quiz

Test Your Knowledge of Japanese Past Tense Verbs

Exercise 1: Group 1 Past Form

What is the past form of 書く (kaku)?

Answer: 書いた (kaita)
Explanation: Group 1 verbs ending in -く change to -いた: 書く → 書いた

Exercise 2: Group 2 Past Form

What is the past form of 食べる (taberu)?

Answer: 食べた (tabeta)
Explanation: Group 2 verbs simply drop る and add た: 食べる → 食べた

Exercise 3: Group 3 Irregular

What is the past form of 来る (kuru)?

Answer: 来た (kita)
Explanation: 来る is irregular and becomes 来た (kita) in past form.

Exercise 4: Sound Change Pattern

What is the past form of 飲む (nomu)?

Answer: 飲んだ (nonda)
Explanation: Verbs ending in -む change to -んだ: 飲む → 飲んだ

Exercise 5: Polite Past

What is the polite past form of 行く (iku)?

Answer: 行きました (ikimashita)
Explanation: Polite past: take the polite form (行きます) and change ます to ました.

Exercise 6: Past Negative

What is the casual past negative of 見る (miru)?

Answer: 見なかった (minakatta)
Explanation: Casual past negative: take negative form (見ない) and change ない to なかった.

Exercise 7: Experience Pattern

How do you say “I have been to Japan”?

Answer: 日本に行ったことがあります
Explanation: Past form + ことがあります expresses experience: “have done something before.”

Exercise 8: Time Expression

How do you say “I ate breakfast this morning”?

Answer: 今朝朝ご飯を食べた
Explanation: Past action completed this morning requires past tense: 食べた (tabeta).

Exercise 9: Sequential Actions

How do you say “I got up and ate breakfast” (in sequence)?

Answer: 起きて朝ご飯を食べた
Explanation: Use て-form for the first action in a sequence, past tense for the final action.

Exercise 10: Just Finished

How do you say “I just finished my homework”?

Answer: 宿題をしたばかりです
Explanation: Past form + ばかり expresses “just finished doing something.”

Exercise 11: Wrong Sound Change

Which is the correct past form of 泳ぐ (oyogu)?

Answer: 泳いだ (oyoida)
Explanation: Verbs ending in -ぐ change to -いだ (not -いた): 泳ぐ → 泳いだ

Exercise 12: Polite Past Negative

What is the polite past negative of する (suru)?

Answer: しませんでした (shimasendeshita)
Explanation: Polite past negative: take polite negative (しません) and add でした.

Exercise 13: Never Experience

How do you say “I have never eaten sushi”?

Answer: 寿司を食べたことがない
Explanation: Past form + ことがない means “have never done something.”

Exercise 14: Consistent Tense

Which sentence has consistent past tense?

Answer: 昨日映画を見て、面白かった。
Explanation: Both parts should be in past tense for consistency when describing past events.

Exercise 15: Cause and Effect

How do you say “I got wet because it rained”?

Answer: 雨が降ったので濡れた
Explanation: Both the cause (it rained) and result (got wet) are completed past actions.

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